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Notes on AI agents, LLMs and machine learning

Books

Notes and summaries from books I’ve read

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Experience, education, research and skills

Life

Places, people and moments

Music

Learning Hindustani classical music

Blog

Writing on AI, leadership, finance and life

Talks

Talks and poster presentations

Posts

Causal Reasoning for Agentic AI

15 minute read

Published:

An agent I watched last quarter did everything right and still got the answer wrong. It read the request, produced a clean five-step plan, called the right tools in the right order, and returned a confidently formatted result. The failure was two levels up: step three should never have run at all. T

Books for 2026

less than 1 minute read

Published:

  • Days at the Morisaki Bookshop
  • Five dollar smile
  • sage who reimagined hinduism
  • rising heat
  • the undying light: a personal history
  • the tigers share
  • whole numbers and half truth
  • the last free naga
  • kalki series

Goals for 2026 based on the lifelong lessons

4 minute read

Published:

How should we select goals for 2026? They should be rooted in lifelong lessons. The goals I have set for 2026 are anchored in the lessons outlined below.

My Journey in Chennai

1 minute read

Published:

Have you ever moved to a new city and felt completely excited… and completely lost at the same time?

A Wise Old Owl: Rockefeller’s Poem

less than 1 minute read

Published:

A wise old owl lived in an oak.
The more he saw the less he spoke,
The less he spoke, the more he heard,
Why arent we all like that wise old bird?

Managers vs Leaders

1 minute read

Published:

Leadership Lab with Simon Sinek – Key Takeaways Introduction: Sophia Chuhofska, VP of People Strategy, welcomes attendees to the first Leadership Lab and introduces guest speaker Simon Sinek alongside Tao Rabiu, VP of Engineering. Tao will interview Simon, incorporating personal experiences and opening the floor for Q&A.

The 5 Types of Wealth

less than 1 minute read

Published:

In “The 5 Types of Wealth,” author Sahil Bloom presents a comprehensive guide to achieving a fulfilling life by focusing on five distinct forms of wealth:

5 daily habits

1 minute read

Published:

The speaker, Namabuddhaya, explains how daily habits—practices he and other monks follow—can lead to a happier and more fulfilling life. He argues that extraordinary achievements aren’t just about luck or innate talent but are the result of consistent, positive habits that shape our character. Here are the key practices he outlines:

Climate Change and US Wildfires

1 minute read

Published:

The article discusses the impact of climate change, particularly in the context of wildfires in the United States, and the global response to climate agreements. It highlights the role of American policies, particularly under Donald Trump, in shaping environmental regulations and energy policies.

Delhi’s Fiscal Record Under AAP

1 minute read

Published:

The article evaluates the fiscal performance of the Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) government in Delhi during its tenure from 2015-16 to 2024-25, comparing it to the previous decade (2004-05 to 2012-13). It focuses on the financial impact of the AAP’s welfare-based governance model, the “Delhi model,” which includes free electricity, water, bus travel for women, and primary healthcare.

14 Things to Avoid in 2025

1 minute read

Published:

The article outlines 14 things to avoid based on Stoic philosophy to help you grow and improve in the new year:

Stoic Principles for Self-Renewal

3 minute read

Published:

This reflection pulls heavily from Stoic philosophy and the teachings of Marcus Aurelius, Seneca, and Epictetus to offer a structured approach for self-improvement, particularly for starting fresh at the beginning of a new year.

Leadership Lessons from The Parlor Room Podcast

1 minute read

Published:

The Parlor Room Podcast, hosted by Chris Lenane of Harvard Business School Online, features Professor Nancy Koehn, an expert on leadership, to discuss leadership in crisis. Key highlights include:

MemGPT

1 minute read

Published:

MemGPT

Product Owners vs Product Managers

less than 1 minute read

Published:

The history of the product owner role
• The differences between product owners and product managers
• How to transition from product owner to product manager
• The evolution of and problems with the SAFe framework
• How large non-tech companies can improve their product practices

Keeping Sight of Your Company’s Long-Term Vision

1 minute read

Published:

Problem

This is difficult enough, but even once a vision is in place, many leaders fail to execute it over the many years that it may require. They don’t translate the vision into a structured plan that they keep in focus over time. When change efforts require years, however, tracking often gets fuzzy, falling away in the face of rapidly changing business and economic conditions that force constant adaptation to produce day-to-day results.

books

No Rules Rules Netflix and Culture of Reinvention

Published:

Chapter - 1

A GREAT WORKPLACE IS STUNNING COLLEAGUES

  • Your number one goal as a leader is to develop a work environment consisting exclusively of stunning colleagues.
  • Stunning colleagues accomplish significant amounts of important work and are exceptionally creative and passionate.
  • Jerks, slackers, sweet people with nonstellar performance or pessimists left on the team will bring down the performance of everyone.

The Bezos Letters: 14 Principles to Grow Your Business Like Amazon

Published:

Test

  • Encourage “Successful Failure”—Blue Origin begins by experimenting small to see what works best (space exploration is a bit pricey, even for Bezos).
  • Bet on Big Ideas—Space travel is, obviously, a big idea.
  • Practice Dynamic Invention and Innovation—They have to invent and create for the unknowns in space travel.

How To Win Friends and Influence People

Published:

SIX WAYS TO MAKE PEOPLE LIKE YOU PRINCIPLE

  • Become genuinely interested in other people.
  • Smile.
  • Remember that a person’s name is to that person the sweetest and most important sound in any language.
  • Be a good listener. Encourage others to talk about themselves.
  • Talk in terms of the other person’s interests.
  • Make the other person feel important—and do it sincerely.

A Short History of Nearly Everything

Published:

“A Short History of Nearly Everything” by Bill Bryson is a popular science book that provides an engaging, accessible exploration of major scientific concepts and discoveries about the universe, Earth, and humanity’s place within it. The book takes readers on a journey through various scientific disciplines, including astronomy, chemistry, biology, geology, and physics, highlighting the achievements and struggles of the scientists who have shaped our understanding of the world.

Not Afraid: The Evolution of Eminem

Published:

“Not Afraid: The Evolution of Eminem” by Anthony Bozza provides a detailed look into the life and career of Marshall Mathers (Eminem), capturing his personal struggles and artistic growth.

The E-Myth Revisited

Published:

In “The E-Myth Revisited,” Michael Gerber emphasizes the importance of defining your Primary Aim as part of building a business that aligns with your life goals.

geeta

overthinking

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Overthinking and Dependencies over others

Kabir doha: Sabhi karma humaro kiye

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Doha - Sabhi karma humaro kiye, hum karman te nayara ho. Meaning -

  • Sabhi karma humaro kiye - All actions were performed by me.
  • hum karman te nayara ho - I am beyond actions.

karm yog

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Chapter 5
Verse 5.1-2

karm_yog

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Chapter 5
Verse 5.4
uparyuktt sannyaas aur karmayog ko moorkh log prthak-prthak phal dene vaale kahate hain na ki panditajan ; kyonki donon mein se ek mein bhee samyak prakaar se sthit purush donon ke phalaroop paramaatma ko praapt hota hai

geeta_setup

Published:

Verse 1.1
धृतराष्ट्र उवाच | धर्मक्षेत्रे कुरुक्षेत्रे समवेता युयुत्सवः | मामकाः पाण्डवाश्चैव किमकुर्वत सञ्जय || 1 ||
Translation: Dhritarashtra said: O Sanjaya, assembled in the holy land of Kurukshetra and desirous of battle, what did my sons and the sons of Pandu do?
Verse 1.2
सञ्जय उवाच | दृष्ट्वा तु पाण्डवानीकं व्यूढं दुर्योधनस्तदा | आचार्यमुपसंगम्य राजा वचनमब्रवीत् || 2 ||
Translation: Sanjaya said: O King, after seeing the army of the Pandavas arrayed in military formation, King Duryodhana approached his teacher, Dronacharya, and said the following words.
Verse 1.3
पश्यैतां पाण्डुपुत्राणामाचार्य महतीं चमूम् | व्यूढां द्रुपदपुत्रेण तव शिष्येण धीमता || 3 ||
Translation: Behold, O Teacher, this mighty army of the sons of Pandu, arrayed by the son of Drupada, your wise disciple.
Verse 1.4
अत्र शूरा महेष्वासा भीमार्जुनसमा युधि | युयुधानो विराटश्च द्रुपदश्च महारथः || 4 ||
Translation: Here in this army are many heroic bowmen equal in fighting to Bhima and Arjuna: Yuyudhana, Virata, and the mighty Drupada.
Verse 1.5
धृष्टकेतुश्चेकितानः काशिराजश्च वीर्यवान् | पुरुजित्कुन्तिभोजश्च शैब्यश्च नरपुङ्गवः || 5 ||
Translation: There are also great heroes like Dhrishtaketu, Chekitana, the valiant king of Kashi, Purujit, Kuntibhoja, and Shaibya, the best among men.
Verse 1.6
युधामन्युश्च विक्रान्त उत्तमौजाश्च वीर्यवान् | सौभद्रो द्रौपदेयाश्च सर्व एव महारथाः || 6 ||
Translation: There are the courageous Yudhamanyu and the valiant Uttamaujas, the son of Subhadra, and the sons of Draupadi—all great warriors.
Verse 1.7
अस्माकं तु विशिष्टा ये तान्निबोध द्विजोत्तम | नायका मम सैन्यस्य संज्ञार्थं तान्ब्रवीमि ते || 7 || Translation: O best of the Brahmanas, let me now tell you about the prominent commanders of my army, for your information.
Verse 1.8
भवान्भीष्मश्च कर्णश्च कृपश्च समितिंजयः | अश्वत्थामा विकर्णश्च सौमदत्तिस्तथैव च || 8 || Translation: There are personalities like yourself, Bhishma, Karna, Kripa, Ashwatthama, Vikarna, and Bhurishrava, who are ever victorious in battle.
Verse 1.9
अन्ये च बहवः शूरा मदर्थे त्यक्तजीविताः | नानाशस्त्रप्रहरणाः सर्वे युद्धविशारदाः || 9 || Translation: There are many other heroes who have given up their lives for my sake. They are all skilled in the art of warfare and armed with various weapons.
Verse 1.10
अपर्याप्तं तदस्माकं बलं भीष्माभिरक्षितम् | पर्याप्तं त्विदमेतेषां बलं भीमाभिरक्षितम् || 10 || Translation: Our strength, protected by Bhishma, is unlimited, while the strength of the Pandavas, protected by Bhima, is limited.
Verse 1.11
अयनेषु च सर्वेषु यथाभागमवस्थिताः | भीष्ममेवाभिरक्षन्तु भवन्तः सर्व एव हि || 11 || Translation: Therefore, all of you must now give full support to Bhishma, stationed at your respective strategic points in the formation of the army.
Verse 1.12
तस्य सञ्जनयन्हर्षं कुरुवृद्धः पितामहः | सिंहनादं विनद्योच्चैः शङ्खं दध्मौ प्रतापवान् || 12 || Translation: Then, to encourage Duryodhana, the mighty grandsire of the Kuru dynasty, Bhishma, the oldest among the warriors, blew his conch shell loudly like the roar of a lion.
Verse 1.13
ततः शङ्खाश्च भेर्यश्च पणवानकगोमुखाः | सहसैवाभ्यहन्यन्त स शब्दस्तुमुलोऽभवत् || 13 || Translation: After that, conch shells, kettle drums, tabors, trumpets, and cow horns blared forth, and the combined sound was tumultuous.
Verse 1.14
ततः श्वेतैर्हयैर्युक्ते महति स्यन्दने स्थितौ | माधवः पाण्डवश्चैव दिव्यौ शङ्खौ प्रदध्मतुः || 14 || Translation: Then, Lord Krishna and Arjuna, stationed in a grand chariot drawn by white horses, sounded their divine conch shells.
Verse 1.15
पाञ्चजन्यं हृषीकेशो देवदत्तं धनञ्जयः | पौण्ड्रं दध्मौ महाशङ्खं भीमकर्मा वृकोदरः || 15 || Translation: Hrishikesha (Krishna) blew his conch, called Panchajanya, and Arjuna blew his, the Devadatta. Bhima, the performer of mighty deeds, blew his conch, the Paundra.
Verse 1.16
अनन्तविजयं राजा कुन्तीपुत्रो युधिष्ठिरः | नकुलः सहदेवश्च सुघोषमणिपुष्पकौ || 16 || Translation: King Yudhishthira, the son of Kunti, blew his conch, the Anantavijaya, while Nakula and Sahadeva blew the Sughosha and Manipushpaka.
Verse 1.17
काश्यश्च परमेष्वासः शिखण्डी च महारथः | धृष्टद्युम्नो विराटश्च सात्यकिश्चापराजितः || 17 || Translation: The great archer, King of Kashi, the mighty warrior Shikhandi, Dhrishtadyumna, Virata, and the invincible Satyaki blew their respective conch shells.
Verse 1.18
द्रुपदो द्रौपदेयाश्च सर्वशः पृथिवीपते | सौभद्रश्च महाबाहुः शङ्खान्दध्मुः पृथक्पृथक् || 18 || Translation: O King, Drupada, the sons of Draupadi, and the mighty-armed Abhimanyu, son of Subhadra, all blew their respective conch shells.
Verse 1.19
स घोषो धार्तराष्ट्राणां हृदयानि व्यदारयत् | नभश्च पृथिवीं चैव तुमुलोऽभ्यनुनादयन् || 19 || Translation: The tremendous sound, resounding through the sky and earth, shattered the hearts of Dhritarashtra’s sons.
Verse 1.20
अथ व्यवस्थितान्दृष्ट्वा धार्तराष्ट्रान् कपिध्वजः | प्रवृत्ते शस्त्रसम्पाते धनुरुद्यम्य पाण्डवः || 20 || Translation: At that time, the son of Pandu, Arjuna, whose flag bore the emblem of Hanuman, took up his bow as he prepared to engage in battle, seeing the sons of Dhritarashtra arrayed before him.

Bhagavad Geeta 2.7

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Sanskrit: कार्पण्यदोषोपहतस्वभावः प्रच्छामि त्वां धर्मसम्मूढचेताः। यच्छ्रेयः स्यान्निश्‍चितं ब्रूहि तन्‍मे शिष्यस्‍तेऽहं शाधि मां त्वां प्रपन्नम्।।

Bhagavad Geeta 2.8–9

Published:

Verse 2.8 (Chapter 2, Sloka 8) न हि प्रपश्यामि ममापनुद्याद् यच्छोकमुच्छोषणमिन्द्रियाणाम् । अवाप्य भूमावसपत्नमृद्धं राज्यं सुराणामपि चाधिपत्यम् ॥

Bhagavad Geeta 5.8–9

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Here are the verses from Bhagavad Gita, Chapter 5, Verses 8 and 9:

Bhagavad Geeta 5.7

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In Chapter 5, Verse 7 of the Bhagavad Gita, Lord Krishna describes the qualities and state of mind of a true yogi who is dedicated to selfless action. Here is the verse and its translation:

Bhagavad Geeta 3.20

Published:

Here is Bhagavad Gita Chapter 3, Shloka 20, with its translation:

Leadership Role

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Bhagavad Gita, Chapter 3, Shloka 21 (3.21):

Bhagavad Geeta 3.22

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The 22nd verse of Chapter 3 (Karma Yoga) of the Bhagavad Gita, spoken by Lord Krishna, states:

Bhagavad Geeta 3.23

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The Bhagavad Gita, Chapter 3, Shloka 23 (Bhagavad Gita 3.23) states:

Bhagavad Geeta 3.24

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The Bhagavad Gita, Chapter 3, Verse 24 (श्लोक 3.24) states:

Bhagavad Geeta 3.28

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The Bhagavad Gita, Chapter 3, Shloka 28 (3.28) states:

Bhagavad Geeta 3.30

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Bhagavad Gita - Chapter 3, Verse 30 मयि सर्वाणि कर्माणि संन्यस्याध्यात्मचेतसा। निर्वीर्यनिर्ममो भूत्वा युध्यस्व विगतज्वरः॥

Bhagavad Geeta 3.36

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In Bhagavad Gita Chapter 3, Verse 36, Arjuna asks Lord Krishna:​

Bhagavad Geeta 3.39

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Bhagavad Gita Chapter 3, Verse 39 addresses the profound impact of desire on human consciousness.​

Bhagavad Geeta 3.40

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Bhagavad Gita Chapter 3, Shloka 40 (गीता श्लोक 3.40) is as follows:

Bhagavad Geeta 3.41

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Bhagavad Gita Chapter 3, Shloka 41 (3.41) is as follows in Sanskrit, along with its transliteration and meaning:

Bhagavad Geeta 3.42

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Of course! Here’s Bhagavad Gita 3.42 along with its summary:

Bhagavad Geeta 3.43

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Here’s Bhagavad Gita Chapter 3, Shloka 43 in English:

Bhagavad Geeta 4.1

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📜 Sanskrit (Shloka 4.1) श्रीभगवानुवाच इमं विवस्वते योगं प्रोक्तवानहमव्ययम् | विवस्वान् मनवे प्राह मनुरिक्ष्वाकवेऽब्रवीत् ||

Bhagavad Geeta 4.2

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Here is Bhagavad Gita Chapter 4, Verse 2 (Shloka 4.2) in Sanskrit, along with its transliteration, word-by-word meanings, and English translation:

Bhagavad Geeta 6.6

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संस्कृत श्लोक: बन्धुरात्मात्मनस्तस्य येनात्मैवात्मना जितः। अनात्मनस्तु शत्रुत्वे वर्तेतात्मैव शत्रुवत्॥ ६॥

Bhagavad Geeta 6.8

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Certainly! Here’s Bhagavad Gita Chapter 6, Shloka 8 (6.8) with Sanskrit, translation, and explanation:

Bhagavad Geeta 6.9

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भगवद् गीता – अध्याय 6, श्लोक 9 Sanskrit: सुहृन्मित्रार्युदासीनमध्यस्थद्वेष्यबन्धुषु | साधुष्वपि च पापेषु समबुद्धिर्विशिष्यते || Transliteration: Suhr̥n-mitrāry-udāsīna-madhyastha-dveṣya-bandhuṣu Sādhuṣv api ca pāpeṣu sama-buddhir viśiṣyate

Bhagavad Geeta 6.10

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Here’s Bhagavad Gītā Chapter 6, Verse 10 (6.10) in Sanskrit, along with an English translation and a brief explanation:

Bhagavad Geeta 6.11

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भगवद् गीता – अध्याय 6, श्लोक 11 Sanskrit:

Bhagavad Geeta 6.12

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तत्रैकाग्रं मनः कृत्वा यतचित्तेन्द्रियक्रियः । उपविश्यासने युञ्ज्याद्योगमात्मविशुद्धये ॥6.12॥ Transliteration tatra ekāgraṁ manaḥ kṛtvā yata-citta-indriya-kriyāḥ upaviśhy āsane yuñjyād yogam ātma-viśuddhaye

Bhagavad Geeta 6.13

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श्लोक 6.13 सम्प्रेक्ष्य नासिकाग्रं स्वं दिशश्चानवलोकयन्। प्रशान्तात्मा विगतभीर्ब्रह्मचारिव्रते स्थितः॥

Bhagavad Geeta 6.14

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Here’s Bhagavad Gita – Chapter 6, Verse 14 (6.14) in Sanskrit, transliteration, and meaning.

Bhagavad Geeta 6.18

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Here is Bhagavad Gita, Chapter 6, Verse 18 (6.18) in Sanskrit with translation and explanation:

Bhagavad Geeta 6.19

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Here is Bhagavad Gita, Chapter 6, Verse 19 (6.19) in Sanskrit with translation and explanation:

Bhagavad Geeta 6.20

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Here is Bhagavad Gita, Chapter 6, Verse 20 (6.20) in Sanskrit, along with transliteration and meaning:

Bhagavad Geeta 6.21

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Here is Bhagavad Gita, Chapter 6, Shloka 21 (6.21):

Bhagavad Geeta 6.22

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Here is Bhagavad Gita, Chapter 6, Shloka 22 (6.22):

Bhagavad Geeta 6.23

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Here is Bhagavad Gita, Chapter 6, Shloka 23 (Sanskrit, transliteration, and meaning):

true happiness

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भगवद् गीता 6.28 — Shloka, Meaning & Essence Sanskrit
युञ्जन्नेवं सदात्मानं योगी विगतकल्मषः ।
सुखेन ब्रह्मसंस्पर्शमत्यन्तं सुखमश्नुते ॥ ६.२८ ॥

Bhagavad Geeta 6.31

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Bhagavad Gita – Chapter 6, Verse 31 (Detailed Explanation in English)

life

Cricket

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Cricket

music

Moke Kahan Dhunde Re Bande

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Moko Kahan Dhundhe Re Bande
Sa Sa Re Ma Ga Re Sa (Sa for emphasis)
Main To Tere Paas Mein
Ma Ma Pa Dha Ni Dha Pa

Raag Desh

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Raag Desh (or Raaga Desh) is a traditional raga in Indian classical music, associated with the late evening and monsoon season. Known for its serene, emotional, and patriotic character, it is commonly played to evoke feelings of devotion, longing, and tranquility. Raag Desh is often heard in instrumental performances, vocal compositions, and even patriotic songs in India, such as the iconic Vande Mataram and Jana Gana Mana.

Thaat

Published:

There are 10 types of Thats:-

publications

Generalising the drift rate distribution for linear ballistic accumulators

Published in Journal of Mathematical Psychology Volumes 68–69, October–December 2015, Pages 49-58, 2015

The linear ballistic accumulator model is a theory of decision-making that has been used to analyse data from human and animal experiments.

Recommended citation: Andrew Terry and A.A.J. Marley and Avinash Barnwal and E.-J. Wagenmakers and Andrew Heathcote and Scott D. Brown (2015). "Generalising the drift rate distribution for linear ballistic accumulators." Journal of Mathematical Psychology . https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022249615000577

Network Elastic Net for Identifying Smoking specific gene expression for lung cancer

Published in 2019 New York Scientific Data Summit (NYSDS), 2019

Survival month for non-small lung cancer patients depend upon which stage of lung cancer is present. Our aim is to identify smoking specific gene expression biomarkers in prognosis of lung cancer patients. In this paper, we introduce the network elastic net, a generalization of network lasso that allows for simultaneous clustering and regression on graphs. In network elastic net, we consider similar patients based on smoking cigarettes per year to form the network. We then further find the suitable cluster among patients based on coefficients of genes having different survival month structures and showed the efficacy of the clusters using stage enrichment. This can be used to identify the stage of cancer using gene expression and smoking behavior of patients without doing any tests.

Recommended citation: A. Barnwal, "Network Elastic Net for Identifying Smoking specific gene expression for lung cancer," 2019 New York Scientific Data Summit (NYSDS), New York, NY, USA, 2019, pp. 1-4, doi: 10.1109/NYSDS.2019.8909802. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8909802

Stacking with Neural Network for Cryptocurrency investment

Published in 2019 New York Scientific Data Summit (NYSDS), 2019

Predicting the direction of assets have been an active area of study and difficult task. Machine learning models have been used to build robust models to model the above task. Ensemble methods are one of them resulting better than single supervised method. We have used generative and discriminative classifiers to create the stack, particularly 3 generative and 6 discriminative classifiers and optimized over one-layer Neural Network to model the direction of price cryptocurrencies. Features used are technical indicators not limited to trend, momentum, volume, volatility indicators and sentiment indicators. For Cross validation, Purged Walk forward cross validation has been used. In terms of accuracy, we have done comparative analysis of the performance of Ensemble method with Stacking and individual models. We have also developed methodology for features importance for stacked model. Important indicators are identified based on feature importance.

Recommended citation: A. Barnwal, H. P. Bharti, A. Ali and V. Singh, "Stacking with Neural Network for Cryptocurrency investment," 2019 New York Scientific Data Summit (NYSDS), 2019. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8909804

Survival regression with accelerated failure time model in XGBoost

Published in Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, 31(4), 1292–1302, 2022

Loss functions for learning accelerated failure time (AFT) models in XGBoost, adding survival modeling for different kinds of label censoring, with GPU acceleration.

Recommended citation: Barnwal, A., Cho, H. and Hocking, T. (2022). "Survival regression with accelerated failure time model in XGBoost." Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, 31(4), 1292–1302. arXiv:2006.04920. https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.04920.pdf

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